A-Level社会学-左翼现实主义犯罪Left Realist Crimino
     Revision: Left Realist Criminology

　　LR has developed over past 20 years as the most mainstream form of criminology. The most "complete" form of sociological thinking, as it avoids the age old divisions between structure and action. Instead, LR's set out an agenda which contains all levels of analysis. They then try to complete this agenda. The origins of LR lie in the desire to move away from "pure theory" to applied research that can be put into use. LR is also heavily influenced by the work of 1970's Neo Marxists who argued for a "new criminology".

　　HOW LEFT REALISM DIFFERS FROM TRADITIONAL MARXISM

　　LR moves away from the traditional Marxist "class analysis" of crime (Marxists stress above all else the importance of class, considering how a disproportionate amount of people own the "commanding heights of power" and make the laws as they see fit). Even Neo-Marxist approaches, which claim to consider other factors, such as age and gender, are criticized for simply "grafting on" these divisions in an insufficient way. LR's deal with this my tackling societal divisions such as age, race, class and sex as equally important aspects of analysis. Essentially, they are considering the differences in power in society, and in doing so; draw more from the works of Weber than of Marx.

　　BCS has found that street crimes are unusual, and that the really "important" crimes are of the powerful, which is concurrent with the Marxist argument. However, local crime surveys conducted by LR's have shown that crime hits all classes, but women and older people in particular. They also demonstrate that there is a real concern over street crime, and some groups even alter their behavior to avoid being victims of crime.

　　LR's criticize Marxists for "romanticizing" WC crime. Matthews and Young argue that "crime is not an activity of latter day Robin Hoods". Most crime is intra-class, not inter-class. The more vulnerable, in both social and economic terms, the individual is, the more likely they are to have both working class and white collar crime directed against them.

　　Marxists believe that police are "enemies"/agents of the state. However, local crime surveys demonstrate that people in inner city areas actually want more policing to protect them. LR's therefore argue that the police to not have to be “oppressors", and can be of great help to the WC.

　　LEFT REALISTS PROPOSE THREE EXPLANATIONS FOR CRIME

　　RELATIVE DEPRIVATION

　　Young – poverty alone does not cause crime. Poverty rates remained the same from 1930 – 1980, but crime rates soared during the 80's (15 X higher). Most poverty stricken group (elderly) commits least crime. Rather, crime is a result of "relative deprivation" (feeling deprived relative to similar social groups).

　　The disparity between the high expectations of individuals (particularly youths) and the reality of what they can achieve given the low rates of unemployment and low paid jobs causes frustration, and people turn to crime to solve this situation.
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